Category: Wealth Creation

Student Loans are an Anchor

When I was younger, I was convinced that student loans are an anchor. I believed that the best course of action was to eliminate them as soon as humanly possible. Full stop – no further discussion needed. Paying off student loans ASAP was a sign of being a mature adult. One did not carry debt if one could pay it off early. Being debt-free was the Holy Grail!

Suffice it to say that my views on student loans have become more nuanced as I’ve aged.

Full disclosure. When I graduated from post-secondary, I had student loans of just under $15K. My salary was paid bi-weekly, so I made extra student loan payments from every paycheque. These were on top of my regular monthly payment. I was fortunate enough to receive bonuses at work, so my first two years’ worth of bonuses went towards my student loans. Within 2 years, those loans were gone!

For the most part, I still believe that student loans are an anchor for many folks. If you’ve got a $200, $400, $700 student loan payment every month, that’s a big chunk of money that isn’t being used to build a better future for yourself. It’s not going towards a down payment. The money isn’t being set aside for your “thirsty underwear” years. (Hat tip to Garth Turner at Greater Fool for that descriptive phrase!) Those funds aren’t seed money being deployed in your own business. Depending on your circumstances, it could take you a very long time to pay off your student loan debts. Time that can never be recovered.

Truth be told, I still encourage people to focus on paying off their student loans. After all, it’s good to have less debt. Do what you can to make extra payments. Set up a per diem and have that money sent to your student loans every week. Do it via automatic transfer. If it’s $1/day, then send make an extra payment of $7/week. If you can afford $5/day, then that’s an extra $35/week. And if you can swing $10/day, then you’re looking at extra payments of $70/week… which is a very sweet $3,650 per year. The higher your per diem, the faster the debt goes away. Make this extra weekly payment on top of your regular minimum monthly payment. If you’re fortunate enough to get a raise or income from a side hustle, then use some of that money to pay off your student loans even faster.

When my student loans were gone, I felt very proud of myself. A debt obligation had been lifted from my shoulders! I was one step closer towards being debt-free. Yay, me!

Nuance…

It’s been over 15 years since I paid off my student loans. And I’ve learned a lot about investing in the stock market. Had I paid the minimum monthly payments on my student loans and invested in equities… <sigh> … Well, I’d be the Retired Blue Lobster by now, and my student loans would also be completely paid off. All else being equal, my loans would have been paid off in 9 years and I would have an even larger investment portfolio. My money would have had an extra two years to grow and all those extra payments would’ve been invested for growth.

Make no mistake! I still believe that student loans are an anchor. Yet, I’ve also come to believe that investing the stock market for the long-term is slightly more important than paying off student loan debt ASAP. This is because the weight of that debt burden, i.e. anchor, is reduced in two ways. Firstly, the debt gets smaller each time you make your minimum monthly payment. Secondly, the debt becomes a smaller portion of your net worth as your investments grow over time. Eventually, the debt will be gone and you’ll have a nice cushion of cash in the form of your investments.

If you go hard on your student loans to the exclusion of investing, you’ll be debt-free sooner but there’s no cash-cushion at the end. If you’re fortunate enough, you’ll be able to immediately re-direct your former student loan payments to investing. It seems trite to say this but I will anyways. Focusing solely on paying down debt robs you of the time that your money could have been working hard for you in your investments.

Investing early is a key to building wealth.

I’m not talking about investing money in a single stock and hoping that you’ve managed to get in on the ground floor of the Next Big Thing. From my perspective, that path is simply gambling. If you want to gamble, save your money and go to Vegas – it’s a lot more fun to gamble in Vegas!

The kind of investing that I’m referring to involves holding a broad-based equity exchange-traded fund (ETF) over a very long period time. Regular, consistent contributions to this kind of product gives investors access to the entire stock market and removes the temptation to jump from one promising stock to another.

An ETF offers you the chance to invest in a lot of companies at once. While they’re hardly exciting, ETFs offer regular people the opportunity to invest in some of the biggest companies in the world. You don’t have to be a genius, nor do you have to be lucky. The Next Big Thing will eventually become part of the ETF’s holdings, so you’ll still wind up own a sliver of it. And you’ll have avoided the risk of investing all of your money in one single company.

You should definitely read The Simple Path to Wealth by J.L. Collins. He does an excellent job of explaining why and how this works. Rest assured that I am not being paid for mentioning this book.

Real estate is another way to make long-term investments for the future. To be explicitly clear, this is not my preferred method. I am not an expert in real estate investing. If this interests you, then check out Bigger Pockets. I follow this account on social media and I’ve learned a lot. Again, I’m not being paid for mentioning them.

Some people can’t do both.

Fair enough.

I appreciate that not everyone has this option of to investing while paying down debt. Maybe you don’t have the money to do both. Reality being what it is, money only stretches so far. Or maybe the thought of debt causes you psychological distress. If that’s the case, then pay off your student loans as fast as you can. They are an anchor on your wallet. They prevent you from investing in your future because they force you to pay for your past.

You’ll make the best choices that you can with the information and money that you have available.

However, there are those in my audience who have enough to pay off the minimum student loan bill while also investing. If you’re fortunate enough to be in these circumstances, then I strongly urge you to do both. It may take you years to pay off your student loans. That is time that you can never get back. It makes the most sense to be investing in the stock market or in real estate while also paying down your debts. Your investments should be growing while your debts are decreasing.

Student loans are an anchor. There’s no doubt about it. However, how your handle those student loans will drastically impact your wealth-building goals. I don’t have all the answers because everyone’s situation is different. I just want you to think long and hard about what will work best for you.

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Weekly Tip: If you must finance a car, follow the 20-4-10 rule. Always put down 20% of the car’s purchase price. Make sure the loan is for a maximum of 4 years. Do not let the car loan be more than 10% of your annual salary. When your loan is paid off, keep making the payment to your Next Vehicle Fund so that you can pay cash the next time around.

Money in Your Kitchen

I’ve said it before, and I’ll say it again. There is money in your kitchen! The room of your home where you keep your fridge and your stove, your pots and your pans, your cutlery and your crockery is a treasure of stored value.

The way to find this money is to use your kitchen for …(drum roll please!) …COOKING!

Yes, I know this is a novel idea. And yes, cooking results in dirty dishes. I’m even willing to admit that you might not even know how to cook!

I don’t care. I want you to learn to feed yourself, and to save money while you do it.

Gentle Reader, there is nothing quite so satisfying as a delicious meal that has been prepared with your own hands. I say this a person who often socialized with my friends at restaurants in the Before Times. Steak – sushi – Thai – Greek – Italian – chain restaurant – bistros, cafes, and holes-in-the-wall! I loved them all, and I freely spent money on food prepared for me by others.

That said, very few meals – save for everything I ate in Italy – have been as sumptuous as the ones I’ve made for myself. If you eat out a lot, then you’ll understand me when I say the following. After a while, it all starts to taste the same.

Treats are special when they’re rare

We all know this. If you only eat out once every three months, then it’s a treat. It happens 4 times a year! It’s rare and that rarity makes it special. You might get dressed up. Possibly, you turn it into a special occasion. Dining out becomes an event and you anticipate it. You might savour each bite because you know it’ll be another 89 days before you eat out again.

But when you eat out everyday, it becomes part of your routine. It’s as mundane as brushing your teeth but exponentially more costly! When was the last time that you truly and deeply savoured the meal you picked up at the drive-thru window? Or had delivered to your home in an insulated carrier bag?

Get into your kitchen and cook for yourself. Turn those restaurant meals back into a treat! In the process, the money in your kitchen can stay in your wallet.

This week, I was lamenting to my sibling that I needed a new recipe for the extra lean ground beef that I’d taken out for dinner that evening. Trust me when I say that COVID19 has robbed me of my love for my own spaghetti and my homemade hamburgers. I’ve made them too often since the pandemic was declared and I don’t want to make them anymore! Though younger and much taller than me, my sibling is very wise in the ways of the kitchen. My younger relative suggested that I make Korean Beef.

Taking the suggestion to heart, I went to the World Wide Web and typed in the words “Korean beef recipe”. A plethora of results instantly appeared on my screen. I chose the following recipe from Damn Delicious, and I was not at all disappointed. What I love about this website is that so many people leave comments, tips, and insights into how to tweak the recipe. (I readily admit that the recipes can be made as-is and are still very, very tasty!) One such commenter suggested adding julienned carrots to the dish.

At first, I was afraid – I was petrified. I’d never julienned a carrot in my whole entire life!

(Apologies to Gloria Gaynor!)

However, there’s another marvelous invention in our universe called YouTube. It’s almost as good as the local library when it comes to a free resource for learning how to do stuff. I went to YouTube, searched for “how to julienne carrots”, and happily julienned my first carrot a few minutes later.

Another commenter mentioned that his family liked a lot of sauce, so he’d doubled that portion of the recipe. Guess what? I like lots of sauce too! So I followed his lead and doubled the sauce for my dish. No regrets! Doubling the sauce was a simple, easy, foolproof tweak that would increase my enjoyment of my own cooking.

So I made the recipe, doubled the sauce, and added my julienned carrot… and I wound up with this…

Then I added a little extra something….

Together, they produced the following…

And it was delicious! As another very wise friend would describe it, I served myself a meal that was yummy-yummy-in-my-tummy! There were enough leftovers for lunches and dinners the following days.

While I’m quite certain I could’ve ordered a pizza for $9.99 from a well-known chain, I’m equally certain that the pizza would not have tasted nearly as good as my homemade Korean Beef. Yes, I had to do dishes but it was a small price to pay for having a wonderful meal at home. And I received the added benefit of keeping the money I found in my kitchen. :-}

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Weekly Tip: Start an automated transfer to a savings account. The last time I checked, EQ Bank was paying 1.70% on deposits. I’m as un-impressed with that rate of return as you are. The point is to automate your money so that it’s there when you need it. The money siphoned off via automatic transfer is to plump up your emergency fund. If you’ve already got one that’s nice and fat, then use this automated transfer to save up money for your annual expenses: insurance premiums, property taxes, professional dues, etc…

Maybe you like to invest in big chunks. Fine. Set up the automatic transfer. Every time the account hits your pre-determined amount, transfer the money to your investments and then keep your mitts off it until you retire. Automatic transfers reinforce the savings habit so, if you haven’t already done so, set up your automatic transfer today.

Taking Care of Future You

Quick! Take a look at your current net worth. If you had known 10 years ago that it would be what it is today, would you have been angry if you had been forced to save more money???

The reason I ask is because I’m getting older. And the older I get, the more I notice things. One of the things I’m noticing is that my friends are getting older too. And they’re starting to make worrying noises about not having saved enough for retirement. These disquieting rumblings are leading me to wonder if perhaps people shouldn’t simply be forced to save for their retirement.

It’s Easy to Put Off Saving

Want to know why I’m such a huge fan of automating your savings?

It’s due to the fact that automation removes freedom of choice. I know myself. If I to deliberately choose to siphon money from my paycheque to my future, then I wouldn’t. I’d go through that money like a hot knife through butter! I’d be no further ahead financially but I’m sure I’d have more stuff – clothes, electronics, whatever…

I’ve curbed my ability to spend away my retirement savings by setting up automatic transfers. My paycheque comes in – the automatic transfers are triggered – I spend whatever’s left over.

Yet, I’m realizing that a lot of people don’t use automation to improve their financial futures. To be fair, I’m not talking about people who don’t have any fat to cut. Sadly, lots of people are living by the skin of their teeth and an automated savings plan won’t help those people.

I’m talking about the people who do have fat to cut. The ones who can cut back without eliminating all the little extra in life in order to fund their future financial goals. Many of them don’t do so… a situation that I find perplexing.

There’s Little to No Urgency

Perhaps the Ones-Who-Can simply don’t because retirement is so far away. It’s in the distant future, so why worry about it now when it won’t be here for a very, very, very long time?

Good question.

The answer is that tempus fungit, which is Latin for “time flies”. Yes, I’m old enough that I took a semester of Latin in high school. It still blows my mind that this year was my 30-year anniversary of graduating high school!

Your retirement will be here before you know it. Everyone gets the same 24 hours in a day. And they pass by at the same speed for all of us. No matter how busy you are, no matter how full your life is of other priorities, believes me when I say that you will get old…unless you die. Sorry to be so blunt, but it’s the truth. The only people who aren’t getting any older are the ones who have already passed.

Regardless of how far away it feels, your retirement is on the horizon. Saving up enough money to pay for it is a priority that you should focus on throughout your life.

Money From Others…

Yes, that’s right. It’s up to you to pay for your own retirement. Whether you’ll earn CPP, OAS or GIS (or Social Security and its equivalents), the amount of money you get from the government won’t be enough.

If you’ve been promised a pension, then all you have right now is a promise. The harsh reality is that pensions can fail. Think of a pension as a repository of deferred pay. Your employer pays you less today with the promise that they will pay you after you’ve retired. When a pension fails, it means that the employee who did the work doesn’t get paid as he or she was promised. It sucks and it’s unfair, and it causes a lot of havoc to pensioners who can’t turn back time and go back to work.

You should be saving your own money to supplement whatever you receive from the government and your pension. If the government and/or your pension still has money to pay you in your dotage, then that’s great. If not, then you’ll be very happy that you made the choice to tuck a little something away over the years. Err on the side of caution and start saving for your retirement.

It’s Vitally Important

There’s not much more to say at this point. You know how happy you are when you’re hungry and you eat something? That awful hungry feeling goes away and you can go on about your daily life.

You will continue to be hungry when you’re retired. You’ll still need shelter, a few clothes, access to transportation, some entertainment once in awhile. When you’re retired, I promise you that you will still yearn for your creature comforts – much in the way that you do today. In order to acquire them, your retirement funds will have to take the place of your paycheque.

Gathering sufficient retirement funds is an integral step in taking care of Future You. For the vast majority of us, it’s going to take a very long time. So unless you’re next to destitute, take immediate action. Set up a plan whereby you funnel some of today’s money towards tomorrow’s financial needs. I promise that you won’t regret doing so when the time comes to live off your retirement nest egg.

Yet…

I suspect you’ll read this, think it’s a good idea, and go on about your lives. There might be one or two of you who actually take my suggestion and plant their money tree. The rest of you… not so much.

All of us will need money until we draw our last breath. That’s the world we live in. And that’s why I’m starting to come around to the idea that people must be forced to save for their retirement. It cannot be optional. If it’s optional, then people will choose not to do it and that’s a bad choice. No one is telling you to give up all of the things that make you happy today in order to save for tomorrow. Instead, I’m encouraging you to cut back a little bit. This is so you’ll have the money you’ll need for Future You. Isn’t taking care of Future You worth a little bit of sacrifice today?

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Weekly Tip: Use your tax refund in a way that allows you to pay down some debt (30%), to invest in the future (50%), and to enjoy the present (20%). Life is about balance and enjoying the journey along the way.

Higher Level Math Is Not Required

Let me tell you a little secret about myself… I’m not good at math! Luckily for me, higher level math is not required for success in personal finance.

Oh, I have a firm handle on the basics – addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractions & exponents. However, the higher level stuff like algebra, calculus, and trigonometry were challenging for me in high school. And when I got to university, I took my two required math courses and never looked back.

Truth be told, my mastery of mathematical concepts ends around grade 11 mathematics, maybe even grade 10. Since then, I’ve been limping along with the basics… and amassing a sizeable net worth along the way. Luckily for me, I didn’t need the higher level math skills in order to start investing for my future.

If you want the skills, go get them.

For my part, you need not master those skills unless one of the following two things are true:

  • you want to; or
  • you need them for your desired career

Had I wanted to pursue a career in science or finance then I would have had to put my nose to the grindstone in order to acquire higher level math skills. The STEM – science, technology, engineering, math – careers required a mastery of math that I just don’t have.

Thankfully, I didn’t need to master algebra, calculus, and trigonometry to become adept at personal finance. And since I didn’t particularly enjoy high school math, I found a way to build the life I want without having to take many more math courses after leaving secondary school. I’m not saying my decision is the right one for everyone so please do what you think is best for your particular circumstances. If you need higher level math skills to build the life you want for yourself, then go and get them post-haste.

Is it easy to do?

Sometimes I think people are intimidated by personal finance because they weren’t good at math in school either. I’m here to tell you that there are three mandatory ingredients to building wealth over a lifetime: an income, an automatic transfer, and opportunity to invest.

For my part, I pursued investment opportunities offered in the stock exchange. I used to invest in mutual funds, but then I learned about management expense ratios and switched my investments to exchange traded funds. ETFs are much cheaper than mutual funds. Over a very long investment horizon, lower MERs mean that I keep more money in my pocket.

Some people invest in themselves by starting a business. Some people build portfolios of rental real estate. I think those are great options, but they just weren’t ones that I pursued. Neither of those options necessarily require a mastery of higher level math skills. Successfully running a rental property portfolio requires a mastery of ensuring that the money coming in from rents is higher than the money going out for expenses. A Ph.D in calculus isn’t going to be required to be a successful landlord.

In any event, an income, an automatic transfer, and the opportunity to invest are the three main ingredients of the secret sauce of personal finance.

Is the formula simple? You better believe it is! If you have all three, then you’re in a position to increase your wealth.

Most people can master personal finance with the math concepts that they learn before junior high. I’d always felt bad about my high school math achievements. It was the one class where I struggled, and I never felt smart enough. In spite of his, I’m pretty okay with how I’m doing today.

Special Advice to the Young…

If you happen to be a young person reading this post, then I would encourage you to work hard at mastering math and getting those skills under your belt as soon as possible. Remember how I said that an income is part of the secret sauce?

STEM-careers pay higher incomes. It’s a reality. STEM careers are an avenue to increasing your odds that you’ll earn more than the median income. The higher your income, the larger your opportunity to build wealth. You can choose to save a higher percentage of your income when your income is large. When you’re trying to live on the median income, there’s not as much opportunity to save money. Generally, less money invested means slower growth of your money over time.

You might not think that’s fair, but I’m not here to argue about fairness. I want you to keep your options open by getting the highest grades that you can in the area of math. Doctors make more than cashiers. Pharmacists and engineers earn more than maintenance and daycare workers. I’m sure you can think of other examples. I’m not debating the necessity of each type of work to the functioning of society. I’m just pointing out the fact that STEM-careers pay more than non-STEM careers.

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Weekly Tip: Learn to use the word “No” when people ask you for money. You need not be rude, aggressive, or sarcastic. Practice saying “No” in a polite but firm tone. Doing so will ensure that you’re confident and calm when turning down someone’s request for your money.

Commit to a Per Diem

Per Diem… it’s a phrase that means “an amount of money paid per day.” In the world of personal finance, it’s a phrase that is not used nearly enough. I want you to commit to a per diem.

That’s right. I want you to pay yourself some amount of money every single day.

I’ve written about per diems before, but this article is about creating a per diem that’s specifically designed to take care of Future You.

The Four Steps of the Per Diem Plan

  1. Pick a daily amount to save.
  2. Set short-term goals for your money.
  3. Invest that money.
  4. Don’t spend the money until you retire.

Step 1 – The Amount

If all you can afford is $1, that’s fine. When you have more, you can give yourself a raise. The important thing is to get into the habit. Start the habit today.

Think about it. How would you like to have more than $3500 by this time next year? All it takes is $10 per day. That’s not a whole lot of money in today’s world. If you have it to spare, then I’d like to see you put it to good use. And what better use is there for your money than ensuring that you’re comfortable, warm & fed in your dotage?

Maybe you’re fortunate enough to be able to put away $20 per day. Great! Do it! I’m not a stickler on the amount that you save each day. However, I am adamant that you save something. Start with whatever you can then increase your per diem as you’re able.

Step 2 – Set Short-Term Goals

Like I said above, this per diem is for Future You. When I talk about short-term goals in this context, I don’t mean saving for a vacation or new sports equipment, although you should never go into debt for those items either. You should definitely save first then pay cash at point of purchase.

No. In this case, your short-term goals are monetary targets. Let’s say you commit to a per diem of $10. Set a target amount of $500 or $1000. Then create an automatic transfer from your main day-to-day bank account to a separate savings account. When you hit $1000 in your savings account, then you invest that amount into an equity-based exchange traded fund or index fund.

You do not want to keep your money in a savings account. Why? I’ll tell you why – the rate of interest paid on savings accounts is less than inflation. You are losing money by keeping your money in savings accounts for long periods of time. Inflation is a fancy way of saying that the value of your money is decreasing over time. When $100 buys 5 bags of groceries in 2019, but only 4.5 bags of groceries in 2020, then you are seeing inflation at work. Inflation means your money purchases less today than it did yesterday.

Savings accounts are great to accumulate money that will be spent in the next few weeks or months. (They’re also a good spot for emergency funds, in my opinion. Others disagree with me.) Commit to a per diem going into your savings account. When it hits the target number, you invest the money then start working towards the target again.

Step 3 – Invest that Money

You’re free to pick whatever monetary target you want. I like $1,000. It’s a nice round number and it will take roughly 3 months, at $10/day, to achieve. If you can save $20/day, then you’ll be investing money every 8 weeks. Also, it feels good to tell yourself that you’ve just invested $1,000.

Again, you don’t want to let your per diem languish in a savings account. That money has to work as hard for you as you do for it. That means you simply must invest your per diem money in the an equity-based product.

I have no idea how young you are at the time you read this post. The bottom line is that the longer your money is invested in the stock market, the better your odds of watching it grow to a nice, big mountain of financial security. That mountain won’t be built until you commit to a per diem.

Step 4 – Mitts off until retirement

The money you save today is for Future You. Even though no one is promised tomorrow, it’s best to plan as though you’re going to be here for a long time. It’s very, very possible to find the balance between enjoying the present while saving for the future.

Wouldn’t it be awful to live to 92 yet you ran out of money at age 74? The social safety net isn’t designed to keep you comfortable. It’s designed to keep you at a level of not quite starving to death. That would be a terrible way to live during your retirement years.

Allow me to be clear. Your per diem money is not to be touched.

You’re still responsible for creating an emergency fund, and for replenishing it if you need to use it. Sadly, the rest of life’s expenses don’t disappear just because you’re saving for your future. You’ll be saving for tomorrow while paying for today. Commit to a per diem, then live the rest of your life on whatever’s left over.

And if you find that you have too much money waiting for you when you’ve finally retired, feel free to leave me a message. I’ll happily take whatever amount of money you don’t want.

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Weekly Tip: Never grocery shop when you’re hungry. You’ll likely make more impulse purchases and that can throw off your budget. Whenever possible, eat before you go to the grocery store. Make it easy for yourself to stick to your list!

MER – Cheaper is Better

The management expense ratio (MER) is the percentage of your portfolio that you pay to the company that sells you the index fund, exchange traded fund (ETF) or mutual fund that you hold in your portfolio. The fees for these products must be disclosed to potential buyers. Thanks to the wonder that is the internet, you can easily do an online search of any mutual fund, index fund or ETF and find its MER.

Generally speaking, mutual funds are more expensive than both index funds and ETFs. I’m not entirely sure why other than to say that mutual funds are actively managed. This means that there are a whole lot of people who are researching and analyzing data before doing a whole bunch of buying and selling of various stocks for inclusion in the mutual fund. All of those people need to be paid. There’s a lot of overhead that must be covered by fees from clients in order to ensure that all of that activity is performed.

In sharp contrast, index funds and ETFs are passive investments. They simply buy into the top companies that meet their investment objective and then it’s done.

You’ll have to do your own research before you in invest. You can also speak to a fee-only certified financial planner. However, my general advice to most people is the following. If you have the choice of buying a mutual fund or an index fund/ETF, go for the lower cost product so long as you can still achieve your investment goals. It will be cheaper for you in the long run and you’ll wind up with more money in your kitty.

Take a look at the following MER calculator. It allows you to do a side-by-side comparison of the impact of paying a higher MER on your portfolio. You can control so many variables: your investment horizon, the MER, your starting balance, the assumed rate of return, and your contribution amount.

See for yourself…

Start with an investment of $1000 in both Fund A and Fund B. Assume that they are both identical and both of them will help you achieve your long-term financial goals. Commit to contributing $50 per week into your portfolio, which is $2600 per year.

Enter an annual average return of 7% for both funds. And assume that you’re going to be investing this money for 30 years. The average life expectancy is roughly 80 years for humans. Believe me when I tell you that 30 years is not an unreasonably long investment horizon.

Here’s where the steak starts to sizzle. Fund A is a mutual fund charging a measly 1.5% per year. In other words, Fund A skims off 1.5% of the value of whatever’s in your portfolio. Fund B is an index fund, or an ETF, which is charging a minuscule 0.05%. Go ahead – plug those numbers into the formula.

Now, hit the calculate button. What do you see?

Fund A – with the higher MER – is going to cost you $37,330.78 in fees. On the other hand, Fund B – with the much lower MER – is going to cost you $1,244.36.

That’s a difference of $36,086.42 in fees. This is money that is not staying in your investment portfolio since it’s being paid to someone else. Why would you want to pay this amount if you didn’t have to?

Play with this calculator – change the variables – see the impact of higher MERs over a longer period of time. I think you’ll agree with me that when it comes to paying for investment products, the MER matters – cheaper is better.

Hold up, hold up, hold up!

Blue Lobster, are there really investment products that pay 0.05% in MER?

Yes, Gentle Reader, there are. At the time of this post, the website for VanguardCanada is showing two equity products – VCN and VCE – with MERs of 0.05%.

*** To be clear, I am not being paid by Vanguard Canada for mentioning these investment products. I do own units in VCN.

All else being equal, cheaper is better. For simple comparison, the Big Six banks in Canada sell mutual funds that are equivalent to VCN and VCE. At the time of this post, the MERs on their products are much higher than 0.05%.

I have to amend my earlier statement. At the time of this post, the links for CIBC and HSBC do not disclose the MERs for their equity products. To find the MERs for their products, you will have to do a bit more hunting-and-clicking but you’ll get there. The other 4 banks disclose this information on their website with one-click. This tells me that atleast 4 of the 6 big banks are willing to ensure that their customers can easily find the right information to make an informed choice.

Now you know better.

Paying a higher MER means less money in your pocket at the end of the day.

As a general rule, cheaper is better when it comes to assessing the MER of equivalent investment products. I want to be clear that you shouldn’t base your entire investment decision on the MER. It is a significant factor, but it’s not the only one.

You still have to determine your investment horizon. Is this money for a short-term goal or a long-term goal? If long-term, MER should be given more weight in your decision-making.

Are you comparing equivalent products? An index fund that invests in short-term bonds should not be compared to a mutual fund that specializes in gold and diamonds. The risk profiles of the two products are vastly different. It is reasonable that they would have different MERs so this factor should be given less weight at decision-time.

It is a serious money mistake to pay a higher MER. If you want to really blow your mind, go back and change your starting balance to $10,000 and your annual contribution to $5,200. The disparity in MER cost grows to $83,130.29! And if you extend your investment horizon out to 50 years, then you’re saving yourself $442,979.28! Wouldn’t you rather have that extra money in your portfolio in 30 years? I know I would!

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Weekly Tip: Track all your expenses so you know where you spend every dollar. Despite my constant admonitions to save-and-invest, I know that most people enjoy spending money. However, I want you to be 100% confident that you’re spending your money on things that make your life better. Tracking your expenses is one way to do this. If you see that you’re spending money on things that don’t bring your joy or that make your life worse, stop buying those things. Easy peasy – lemon squeezy!

Money-Making Magic – Real Estate Investing

It’s taken me a few years but I finally understand how to create money from real estate re-financing. It’s another aspect the money-making magic of properly investing your money.

Right off the top, I want to tell you that I have never done this. In other words, my understanding of the process is only theoretical and it is not based on my own experience. I have never bought a property, renovated it, and then re-financed it to extract my investment.

Secondly, I want to be explicitly clear that I am not telling, instructing, advising, recommending, or otherwise encouraging you to do this with your money. It’s just a theory that I have finally understood so I want to share it with the world via this blog.

I’m a fan of the podcast Millionaires Unveiled. In episode 145, the hosts were talking to a guest who had made significant money in real estate. The guest used the same BRRRR method espoused by Brandon Turner at Bigger Pockets. You may also want to check out Graham Stephan on his YouTube channel, where he goes through a detailed example of how to profitably invest in real estate.

A Simple Example…as I understand things!

Purchase Price – $80,000. Renovations – $20,000. Total Investment – $100,000. After Repair Value – $150,000. Re-Finance & Cash Out @ 85% of ARV – $127,500. Free Money to Investor – $27,500.

So let’s un-pack this.

In this example, the investor bought a property for $80,000 in cash, meaning that there was no mortgage debt to the bank. (This example also works if the investor invests a 20% down payment – $16,000 – and gets a mortgage for the remaining $64,000. Either way, she’s still buying an investment property for $80,000.)

Renovations of $20,000 were made to the property. At this point, the investment in the rental property is $100,000 = $80,000 + $20,000.

The money-making magic starts when the investor goes to the bank to get financing on the property. (If the investor had had a mortgage, then she would’ve “re-financed” the property.) In the example above, the bank appraises the property at $150,000, which is $50,000 more than the investor’s total investment. The bank agrees to finance 85% of the ARV, which puts $127,500 back into the investor’s hands. As we all know, $150,000 x 85% is equal to $127,500.

(And if the investor started with a mortgage, she would go to a second bank to re-finance the property. She would then pay off the mortgage of $64,000 at the first bank, and be in the same position as if she had paid the full $80,000 up front. $127,500 – $16,000 – $64,000 – $20,000 = $27,500.)

Since there is now a mortgage on the property, equivalent to $127,500, the investor uses the rent from that property to pay back the mortgage. If everything goes perfectly, the rent will also cover other costs such as insurance, property taxes, and repairs.

In this example, the investor has earned $27,500 in free money through the money-making magic of real estate investing. Remember, she invested $100,000 of her own money ($80,000 + $20,000) and is walking away with $127,500 after financing her property. There are three things to take-away from this example.

  • The investor now owns an investment property while also recouping her entire $100,000 investment. In other words, she has none of her own money in the property.
  • If everything goes right, someone else is paying the mortgage and costs of this property with a little something leftover for cashflow to the investor.
  • Finally, the $27,500 is tax-free money. This is money that was derived from a higher appraised value. She’s removed some of the equity from the property and put it in her own pocket.

If you decide to start real estate investing, get proper accounting and tax advice from professionals you’ve paid to do work on your behalf. Do NOT take accounting and investing advice from blogs on the internet.

Lots of Things Have to Go Right for This to Work

The rewards are bountiful when things go right. In our example, the investor had the money to invest. The appraised value after the renovations was high. The bank was willing to finance 85% of the property value. There was a pool of available renters who could afford to pay a rental amount that covered the mortgage payment and associated costs of the investment property. The market rental price was high enough to cover the mortgage payment and the aforementioned associated costs.

Let’s say the bank had only wanted to finance 65% of the ARV. Our investor would have only been able to pull out $95,700 (= $150,000 x 65%). She would not have pulled out her entire $100,000 and the increase-in-equity-through-the-power-of-smart-renovations amount of $27,500.

Or let’s say that the real estate market had dropped between the date of the purchase and the date of the new appraisal. The bank tells our investor that the appraised value had come back at only $115,000, instead of $150,000. Even at the 85% ARV financing, the bank would only give the investor $97,750 (= $115,000 x 85%) to put towards the purchase of her next investment.

Another area where the plan could’ve gone haywire is the renovation costs. If our investor had budgeted $20,000 for renovations but wound up paying $50,000 for renovations, then her investment amount in the property would be $130,000 (= $80,000 + $50,000) instead of only $100,000. If the re-appraised value remained $150,000 and she could finance the property at 85%, she still would not be extracting her full investment of $130,000 because the bank would only be giving her $127,500.

Finally, there’s always the possibility that the renter stops paying the rent and the investor is forced to pay for the property. Every dollar out of the investor’s pocket is a decrease in the return from the investment property. The money-making magic has suddenly been turned into a money-sucking curse.

Research, research, research!

Like I said at the beginning, I finally understand the theory behind the money-making magic of real estate. It’s taken me years and many, many, many hours of listening to various podcasts & YouTube videos, but I finally get it. Now that I do understand it, I personally think it’s disingenuous to use click-bait language like “buying real estate with none of your own money.”

Obviously, at some point, you will need money to invest in real estate. It’s more accurate to say that there isn’t always a need for your own money to stay locked inside your investment properties… Okay, I get it – my language isn’t nearly as catchy and it would never qualify as click-bait.

However, that doesn’t change the fact that I generally know what the pundits mean when they use the click-bait language. I’m not a real estate investment expert. I haven’t put this theory into practice, and I’m not certain that I ever will. What I am certain of is that I finally understand – in a very rudimentary way – how a person can own real estate without keeping their money in an investment property. If the stars are aligned just right and nothing goes awry, real estate investors have the ability to own real estate without their money remaining in their investment properties.

It’s certainly not risk-free, but it does sound like it could work if everything goes right. If it’s something that you’re interested in, then I suggest that you start learning as much as you can before you start investing.

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Weekly Tip: Pay off your mortgage before you retire. It’s not good to go into retirement with debt. You will more than likely be living on a fixed income. Do what you can to ensure that creditors aren’t take a bite out of your fixed income every month. You won’t regret the fact that you’re mortgage-free when you’re retired.

Invest Your Money or Pay Down Debt?

The question often arises about whether it’s better to invest your money or to pay down debt.

My position is that you should do both. The reality is that the younger you are, the more time your money has to compound if invested. From the tiniest acorn did the mighty oak grow, and all that. So if you’re younger, you have time on your side. More time means a longer investment horizon, which means larger returns by the time you retire.

On the other hand, debt inhibits the growth of your net worth. The longer it takes you to pay off your debt, the more interest you pay to your creditors. This is not an ideal situation. Instead of paying interest to your creditors, you should be earning a return on your investment. However, you can’t earn any returns if you don’t have the money to invest.

So here’s my proposal – invest while you pay off debt. Why can’t you do both? If the interest rates on your debt are lower than what you can achieve over the long term in the stock market, then pay the minimum on your debts in order to maximize your investment returns.

Mortgages

At the time of this post, 5-year mortgages in Canada can be had for 2.5% and lower. These are lifetime lows, which will likely be around for the next 2 or 3 years. If you’re in a position to lock in one of these ridiculously low rates, then you should seriously consider doing so.

If you have a mortgage and you’re paying the bank 2.5%, then I don’t want you to make extra payments on the mortgage. I want you to invest in the stock market for the long term. Over the long term, the stock market has returned an average of 7% to investors. I want you to learn about investing in index funds. Then I want you to pick one and to start automatically investing your money.

When mortgage rates are at historical lows like they are at the time of this post, there’s no sense in repaying your mortgage faster. So long as you can earn the long-term average stock market return, you’ll be earning 3 times the amount you’re paying on your mortgage. It would be stupid not to do so while you can.

Vehicle Loans

The same rule applies if you have a car loan at a reasonable interest rate. My definition of reasonable is that it is less than 6%. If you’re paying a higher rate, then you can split your investment money in half. One half will still be automatically invested. The other half will be sent to your vehicle loan so that it is paid off faster. When the vehicle loan is gone, then you can put the money back towards your investment. You’re also free to use your regular car loan payment for investing or for something else.

Let’s say you have a monthly car loan of $750 and you’ve got a 60-month loan at 6% (or higher). And you also have $500 per month that you’re investing for long-term growth. Divide the $500 in half, so that you’re now paying $1000/month on the car payment and directing $250/month into your investments. When the loan is paid off, you can go back to investing $500/month. You’ll also have $750 in your budget that no longer has to be sent to someone else. You can keep the $750 in your own pocket.

Oh, and the next time you want to buy a car? Save up for it first! If you can find the way to pay a loan of $750, then you’re just as capable of squirrelling $750 away every month until you can pay for your next vehicle with cold, hard cash.

Student Loans

By now, you should be picking up what I’m laying down.

In the interest of transparency, I will tell you that I graduated with $15,000 of student loans. I made it my mission to repay those loans within 2 years of graduating. With the benefit of hindsight, I have to say that my net worth would be higher today if I’d invested my money in the stock market and stuck to the 9-year loan repayment plan that I’d been on. My shaky memory suggests that my monthly payment had been something like $150. If I’d known then what I know now, I would not have made double and triple monthly payments to pay that loan off so damn fast.

Today, people are graduating with six-figure debts. And the word on the street is that they are not all finding high-paying employment with their very expensive educations.

I still maintain that if you’re in your 20s and 30s with a large student loan, it makes sense to pay the minimum on those loans and invest in the stock market. When you’re in your 20s and 30s, you still have 3-4 decades for the money to compound if you’re not planning on early retirement. Your income will go up as you expand your skillset, refine your expertise, and gain useful experience. Use 25% of your increased income to bump up your student loan repayment. Take another 30% to inflate your lifestyle just a little bit! Make sure the remaining 45% of your increase is invested.

The analysis has to be a lot more nuanced if you’re still paying off a six-figure debt in your 40s and 50s. The question of whether to invest your money or pay down debt isn’t as crystal clear. What I do know for sure is that it’s almost always a bad idea to retire with debt.

If you have student loans in your 40s and 50s, then you need to divide your investment amount between your portfolio and your student loans. Pay those loans off before you retire! Once they’re gone, go back to ploughing as much money into your investment portfolio as you possibly can. Your investment window is going to be smaller due to age. However, that doesn’t lessen the onus you have to yourself to fund your retirement.

Without a solid investment portfolio whose returns outpace inflation, a person on a fixed income is going to have to pay for everything with dollars that are always losing value. Believe me when I say that you don’t want to be paying off debt in retirement.

I’m telling you right now that you need to have a portfolio that can support you when you no longer have employment income. As I’ve said before, pensions are disappearing. It’s on you to set aside enough money for your golden years. Unless you remain healthy, getting older is going to suck enough on its own. You need not make things worse for yourself by being old and burdened by student loans debt.

The Exception!

If you’re carrying credit card debt, forget about investing until that debt has been eradicated. Credit cards carry double-digit interest rates. The chances of your investments giving you a return higher than the interest charged on credit cards are exceedingly slim.

Focus on getting out of credit card debt, then you can start investing your money. Here are the steps to getting out of credit card debt.

  1. Stop using your credit cards to buy things.
  2. Make extra payments to your credit cards until each card is paid off.
  3. As each card is paid off, do not use it again.
  4. When all cards are paid, take your former credit card payments and invest them for the long term in an equity-oriented index fund.
  5. Do not use your credit card without first saving up the cash in your bank account to pay for the eventual monthly bill.

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Weekly Tip: One thing to keep in mind that your portfolio doesn’t stop working just because you do. When you stop working, you won’t simply cash in your portfolio. Rather, you’ll structure your portfolio so that it’s continuously invested in manner that creates a cash flow for you until the day you die. This means that equities will continue to be a steadfast workhouse, ensuring that your portfolio lasts as long as you do.

Taking it Day By Day

It’s been 4.5 months since the World Health Organization declared that the globe was in the grips of a pandemic. Since then, there has been much upheaval in people’s lives due in no small part to the financial impacts of lost jobs, the inability to travel, and social isolation. What are we supposed to do when going outside means taking the risk that we’ll contract a disease about which so much is still unknown?

We have to take things day by day.

By nature, I’m a planner. For example, I enjoy planning my travel. It’s fun to peruse all the websites, read up on the various sites, figure out where I want to go. In 2018, I went to Ireland for the first time. I crossed an item off my Bucket List – booking my time off then looking for a good travel deal. My biggest regret about that trip was that it was somewhat last-minute, in that I booked it only 6 weeks before getting on a plane. In the deep recesses of my travel-planner heart, I hadn’t given myself enough anticipation-time. Six weeks wasn’t enough time to dream about my upcoming trip and to imagine all the cool things I’d be seeing & doing.

Of course, in hindsight, I should have taken more time off and visited Northern Ireland and Scotland while I was over there. Who knew that a global pandemic would crush the airline & travel industries?

COVID-19 has changed things…

Today, I’m not doing as much travel planning. As you can well imagine, it’s difficult to get excited about flying anywhere when my personal view is that airplanes are the petri dishes of the sky. Similarly, long road trips are in the not-just-yet category since I’m not keen on staying in a hotel or going to restaurants.

Right now, I’m taking things day by day. My natural urge to plan has been channeled into cooking and baking. I’m already at home. My kitchen is right there. I have the ingredients and the tools to cook and bake delicious things for myself. Meal-planning is finally receiving the attention that it’s due. Trips to the grocery store are less frequent, but I do buy a lot more when I go. Once home, I start figuring out what to eat right away and how to meal-prep for the upcoming week.

As for investing, I have no choice but to take things day by day. The last time there was a big drop in the stock market was in 2008-2009. I made a huge mistake by stopping my contributions to my investment account!!! Thankfully, I was smart enough not to sell anything but I wasn’t smart enough to keep investing on the way down.

To date, the highest point of the Toronto Stock Exchange was reached on February 21, 2020. Then the market plunged, and kept plunging until March 23, 2020. The TSX has been slowly re-gaining ground since then. (Man oh man was I glad that I didn’t have access to cable TV during this time. I would’ve been a basket case listening to all the “experts” talking about investing.)

Sticking to the Plan

This time around, I stuck to my saving and investing plan. I ignored the headlines. I trusted the example set by history that the stock market will recover. No one knows precisely how, nor can anyone guarantee when the recovery will happen. This time, I decided to take things day by day and to continue to save & invest for my future.

I had a few things going for me. Firstly, I’m still fortunate enough to have my job. There are millions of people who aren’t in the same boat so they’ve had to decide whether to eat today or eat tomorrow. Secondly, I was already debt-free before the pandemic hit. I don’t have to worry about creditors or missing my mortgage payments. My financial foundation is firm. Thirdly, I don’t have cable so I missed a great many of the interviews with the people who predicted that “this time would be different.” I didn’t hear the stories from people who believe that the market could not possibly recover from COVID19.

Finally, I’m older and wiser today than I was in 2008-2009. I’ve learned from my mistakes. Had I continued to invest back then, I’d be so much closer to my retirement goals. My inexperience and fear caused me to sit on the sidelines while the market recovered. In other words, I wasn’t investing when the stock market was on sale. When I finally did re-start my investment program, I’d promised myself that I would continue to invest during the next downturn.

So when COVID19 came long and took a great big bite out of the stock market, I kept my promise. Money earned – money saved – money invested – repeat!

My portfolio still hasn’t recovered completely but I’m much farther along than I would have been had I stopped investing. I’ve been able to my more units in my dividend exchange traded funds. As a results, my monthly dividend payment has gone up considerably. This is a very good thing. I was fortunate enough to be able to make a contribution to my Registered Retirement Savings Plan. As per the advice of an independent financial planner, I invested those funds into a global equity ETF. Boom! I firmly believe that my choice to follow his advise will add a nice little kick to my RRSP in the coming years.

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Weekly Tip: Allocate your money in a way that allows you to invest in the stock market for atleast 15 years. Use broad-based ETFs to invest your money in equities. ETFs move in the same direction as the stock market. They simultaneously eliminate the risks of trying to cherry pick the next Apple/Tesla/Facebook stock. If you absolutely cannot stop yourself from stock picking, then please limit this hobby to only 5% of the equity portion of your portfolio. The other 95% of your equity investments should be allowed to chug along in a broad-based ETF for a long period of time.